Skeletal System
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones made of spongy and compact bone. The purpose of this system is support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Not all of the bones in the body are the same nor are they made of the same material(spongy/compact). Because they are different they are separated into 4 different categories, long, short, flat, and irregular.
information from: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Seventh edition, by Elaine N. Marieb
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones made of spongy and compact bone. The purpose of this system is support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Not all of the bones in the body are the same nor are they made of the same material(spongy/compact). Because they are different they are separated into 4 different categories, long, short, flat, and irregular.
- Long bones are typically longer than they are wide and are made of compact bone. All bones of the limbs are long bones, except the wrist and ankles.
- Short bones are generally cube shaped and are made of spongy bone. An example of a short bone would be the wrist and ankles. A special type of short bone is a sesamoid bone. This type of bone forms with tendons. An example is the patella.
- Flat bones are thin, flat, and usually curved. They have two thin layers of compact bone covering a layer of spongy bone. Most bones of the skull, ribs, and sternum are flat bones.
- Any bones in the body that do not fit into those three categories is considered an irregular bone. Bones that fall into this category are the vertebrae and hip bones.
information from: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Seventh edition, by Elaine N. Marieb
Muscular System
In the muscular system there are 3 types of muscle, cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. The purpose of muscles are to pull on the bone structures underneath to produce movement.
In order for the two systems to connect, they need the ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
Picture from:http://missbelmonte.weebly.com/muscular-system.html
In the muscular system there are 3 types of muscle, cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. The purpose of muscles are to pull on the bone structures underneath to produce movement.
- The skeletal muscles are actually attached to the skeleton itself. These tissues can contract rapidly with great force but tires easily and needs rest. Their connective tissues provide strength and support to the muscle as a whole.
- Smooth muscle is an involuntary contraction which means that we cannot consciously control those muscles. These are mainly found in hallow organs with slow and sustained contractions.
- Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and serves as a pump to move blood throughout the body. Like smooth muscle it is also involuntary and cannot be controlled. These tissues contract a steady rate but can increase and decrease depending on the environment around us (emotions, working out, etc.).
In order for the two systems to connect, they need the ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
- Tendons attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue covering of each other. Besides anchoring muscles, tendons provide durability and conserving space.
- Ligaments connect bone to bone at the joints. These are stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons.
- Cartilage is like a pad in between the bones that protect one another from rubbing against each other.
Picture from:http://missbelmonte.weebly.com/muscular-system.html
Musculoskeletal Diseases
1. Gout
Gout occurs when uric acid crystals build up in the deposits of the joints. This causes the joints to be inflamed, causing pain. Gout typically occurs if you have high levels of uric acid in your blood. However, you could also have normal uric levels and still have gout. The liver metabolizes uric acid, and the kidneys get rid of it through the urine. Levels of uric acid build up when:
Picture from:https://uvahealth.com/services/inflammatory-and-infectious-diseases/conditions-and-treatments/11825
Information from:https://uvahealth.com/services/inflammatory-and-infectious-diseases/conditions-and-treatments/11825
Gout occurs when uric acid crystals build up in the deposits of the joints. This causes the joints to be inflamed, causing pain. Gout typically occurs if you have high levels of uric acid in your blood. However, you could also have normal uric levels and still have gout. The liver metabolizes uric acid, and the kidneys get rid of it through the urine. Levels of uric acid build up when:
- Too much uric acid is produced
- Not enough uric acid is eliminated
Picture from:https://uvahealth.com/services/inflammatory-and-infectious-diseases/conditions-and-treatments/11825
Information from:https://uvahealth.com/services/inflammatory-and-infectious-diseases/conditions-and-treatments/11825
2. Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the typical degenerative arthritis that is common in older people. It occurs when the cartilage in the joints begins to break down and erode. Cartilage is a strong elastic tissue layer that helps to protect the ends of bones from rubbing or jostling together as a joint is used. When it erodes, the ends of the bones come into contact with each other, grinding against each other whenever the joint moves. This causes pain and damage to the bones, which may even begin to deposit new growth in response to the friction, leading to joints developing a bonier look and causes osteoarthritis.
Picture from:http://tsdcentral.com/osteoarthritis
information from:http://tsdcentral.com/osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the typical degenerative arthritis that is common in older people. It occurs when the cartilage in the joints begins to break down and erode. Cartilage is a strong elastic tissue layer that helps to protect the ends of bones from rubbing or jostling together as a joint is used. When it erodes, the ends of the bones come into contact with each other, grinding against each other whenever the joint moves. This causes pain and damage to the bones, which may even begin to deposit new growth in response to the friction, leading to joints developing a bonier look and causes osteoarthritis.
Picture from:http://tsdcentral.com/osteoarthritis
information from:http://tsdcentral.com/osteoarthritis
3. Rhabdomyolisis
Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscle tissue that leads to the release of muscle fiber contents into the blood. These substances are harmful to the kidney and often cause kidney damage. When muscle is damaged, a protein called myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. It is then filtered out of the body by the kidneys. Myoglobin breaks down into substances that can damage kidney cells. Rhabdomyolysis may be caused by injury or other any condition that damages skeletal muscle.
Picture from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis
Information from:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000473.htm
Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscle tissue that leads to the release of muscle fiber contents into the blood. These substances are harmful to the kidney and often cause kidney damage. When muscle is damaged, a protein called myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. It is then filtered out of the body by the kidneys. Myoglobin breaks down into substances that can damage kidney cells. Rhabdomyolysis may be caused by injury or other any condition that damages skeletal muscle.
Picture from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis
Information from:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000473.htm
4. Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis means "porous bones", which is significant bone loss that increases the risk of fracture. Our bones are strongest at about age 30, then begin to lose density. Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine. Bone is living tissue, which is constantly being absorbed and replaced. Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone doesn't keep up with the removal of old bone.
Picture from:http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/ss/slideshow-osteoporosis-overview
Information from: http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/ss/slideshow-osteoporosis-overview
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/basics/definition/con-20019924
Osteoporosis means "porous bones", which is significant bone loss that increases the risk of fracture. Our bones are strongest at about age 30, then begin to lose density. Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine. Bone is living tissue, which is constantly being absorbed and replaced. Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone doesn't keep up with the removal of old bone.
Picture from:http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/ss/slideshow-osteoporosis-overview
Information from: http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/ss/slideshow-osteoporosis-overview
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/basics/definition/con-20019924
5. Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a common syndrome in which a person has long-term, body-wide pain and tenderness in the joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. Fibromyalgia has also been linked to fatigue, sleep problems, headaches, depression, and anxiety. The cause for this disease is unknown.
Picture from:www.endoszkop.com
Information from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001463/
Fibromyalgia is a common syndrome in which a person has long-term, body-wide pain and tenderness in the joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. Fibromyalgia has also been linked to fatigue, sleep problems, headaches, depression, and anxiety. The cause for this disease is unknown.
Picture from:www.endoszkop.com
Information from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001463/
6. 3 Most Common Types of fractures
Compound: a broken bone in which a part of the bone sticks out through the skin
Greenstick: a fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and partially breaks.
Spiral: is a bone fracture occurring when a rotating force is applied along the axis of a bone.
Information from:
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstick_fracture
-http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/compound%20fracture
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_fracture
Picture from:
-http://www.humpalphysicaltherapy.com/Injuries-Conditions/Hip/Hip-Issues/Adult-Femur-Fractures/a~4388/article.html
-http://www.patientedlibrary.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=4298
-http://www.dnovo-massage.com/Geninjuries.html
Compound: a broken bone in which a part of the bone sticks out through the skin
Greenstick: a fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and partially breaks.
Spiral: is a bone fracture occurring when a rotating force is applied along the axis of a bone.
Information from:
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstick_fracture
-http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/compound%20fracture
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_fracture
Picture from:
-http://www.humpalphysicaltherapy.com/Injuries-Conditions/Hip/Hip-Issues/Adult-Femur-Fractures/a~4388/article.html
-http://www.patientedlibrary.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=4298
-http://www.dnovo-massage.com/Geninjuries.html
7. Muscular Dystrophy
The muscular dystrophie is a group of more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. Some forms of MD are seen in infancy or childhood, while others may not appear until middle age or later. The disorders differ in terms of the distribution and extent of muscle weakness (some forms of MD also affect cardiac muscle), age of onset, rate of progression, and pattern of inheritance.
Picture from:http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/Men-Os/Muscular-Dystrophy.html#b
Information from:http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/md.htm
The muscular dystrophie is a group of more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. Some forms of MD are seen in infancy or childhood, while others may not appear until middle age or later. The disorders differ in terms of the distribution and extent of muscle weakness (some forms of MD also affect cardiac muscle), age of onset, rate of progression, and pattern of inheritance.
Picture from:http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/Men-Os/Muscular-Dystrophy.html#b
Information from:http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/md.htm
8. Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side. Although it is a complex three-dimensional deformity, on an X-ray, viewed from the rear, the spine of an individual with scoliosis can resemble an "S" or a "?", rather than a straight line.
Information from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoliosis
Picture from:http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/teaching-materials/online-musculoskeletal-radiology-book/scoliosis
Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side. Although it is a complex three-dimensional deformity, on an X-ray, viewed from the rear, the spine of an individual with scoliosis can resemble an "S" or a "?", rather than a straight line.
Information from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoliosis
Picture from:http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/teaching-materials/online-musculoskeletal-radiology-book/scoliosis
9. Rickets
Rickets is a disorder caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. Vitamin D helps the body control calcium and phosphate levels. If the blood levels of these minerals become too low, the body may produce hormones that cause calcium and phosphate to be released from the bones. This leads to weak and soft bones. Vitamin D is absorbed from food or produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight. Lack of vitamin D production by the skin may occur in people who: Live in climates with little exposure to sunlight, stay indoors, work indoors during the daylight hours. You may not get enough vitamin D from your diet if you: Are lactose intolerant, do not drink milk products, or follow a vegetarian diet. Rickets caused by a lack of these minerals in diet is rare in developed countries, because calcium and phosphorous are found in milk and green vegetables. Your genes may increase your risk of rickets. Hereditary rickets is a form of the disease that is passed down through families. It occurs when the kidneys are unable to hold onto the mineral phosphate. Rickets may also be caused by kidney disorders that involve renal tubular acidosis.
information from;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001384/
picture from:http://www.vitamindwiki.com/Overview+of+Rickets+and+Vitamin+D
Rickets is a disorder caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. Vitamin D helps the body control calcium and phosphate levels. If the blood levels of these minerals become too low, the body may produce hormones that cause calcium and phosphate to be released from the bones. This leads to weak and soft bones. Vitamin D is absorbed from food or produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight. Lack of vitamin D production by the skin may occur in people who: Live in climates with little exposure to sunlight, stay indoors, work indoors during the daylight hours. You may not get enough vitamin D from your diet if you: Are lactose intolerant, do not drink milk products, or follow a vegetarian diet. Rickets caused by a lack of these minerals in diet is rare in developed countries, because calcium and phosphorous are found in milk and green vegetables. Your genes may increase your risk of rickets. Hereditary rickets is a form of the disease that is passed down through families. It occurs when the kidneys are unable to hold onto the mineral phosphate. Rickets may also be caused by kidney disorders that involve renal tubular acidosis.
information from;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001384/
picture from:http://www.vitamindwiki.com/Overview+of+Rickets+and+Vitamin+D
10. Blount
Blount's disease is a growth disorder of the shin bone (tibia) in which the lower leg turns inward, resembling a bowleg. This occurs in young children and adolescents. The cause is unknown. It is thought to be due to the effects of weight on the growth plate. The inner part of the shin bone, just below the knee, fails to develop normally. Unlike bowlegs, which tend to straighten as the child develops, Blount's disease slowly gets worse. It can cause severe bowing of one or both legs.
This condition is more common among African-American children. It is also associated with obesity and early walking.
information from:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001584.htm
Picture from:http://www.perfecthealthinfo.com/disease/biochemical-observations-in-blounts-disease-discussion.html
Blount's disease is a growth disorder of the shin bone (tibia) in which the lower leg turns inward, resembling a bowleg. This occurs in young children and adolescents. The cause is unknown. It is thought to be due to the effects of weight on the growth plate. The inner part of the shin bone, just below the knee, fails to develop normally. Unlike bowlegs, which tend to straighten as the child develops, Blount's disease slowly gets worse. It can cause severe bowing of one or both legs.
This condition is more common among African-American children. It is also associated with obesity and early walking.
information from:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001584.htm
Picture from:http://www.perfecthealthinfo.com/disease/biochemical-observations-in-blounts-disease-discussion.html